As early as 18 weeks, stress hormones are released by an unborn child injected by a needle, just as they are when adults feel pain. Hormone levels in those babies decrease as pain-relievers are supplied.
Garg, A & Rovnaghi, C. “Fetal Response to Intra-Uterine Needling: Is It Pain? Does It Matter? Pediatric Research. V 51, No 1, 2002.
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